Plus d’un siècle que l’esclavage a été aboli mais on observe toujours à l’heure actuelle différentes formes d’esclavages dans le monde.
Ce qui nous amène à nous demander : Quelles sont ces nouvelles formes d’esclavages contemporains ? Qui sont les personnes concernées ? Quels facteurs expliquent que ces situations persistent ? Comment lutter contre ces crimes humains ?
Plus de 40 millions d’esclaves contemporains
En 2016, l’Organisation internationale du travail (OIT) estimait à 40,3 millions de personnes le nombre de victimes de l’esclavage moderne, parmi lesquelles 24,9 millions contraintes au travail forcé et 15,4 millions au mariage forcé.
La moitié de ces exploitations ont lieu dans le secteur privé par le biais du travail domestique, de la construction d’infrastructures et d’exploitation sexuelle. Le plus alarmant dans l’étude menée par l’OIT c’est qu’un quart des victimes sont les femmes et les enfants.
En France, le dernier rapport de la Mission interministérielle pour la protection des femmes victimes de violences et la lutte contre la traite des êtres humains (Miprof) recensait sur l’année 2019, 2 573 victimes de traite humaine qui ont été prises en charge par les associations.
Il faut savoir que la plupart des associations françaises qui luttent contre la traite humaine se sont spécialisées dans la prise en charge des victimes d’exploitation sexuelle. En effet, on recensait 13 associations en 2017, on en compte maintenant près de 40. Le milieu associatif a pris conscience de l’ampleur du phénomène et souhaite continuer à sensibiliser les pouvoirs publics sur ces crimes humains.
La traite humaine au coeur de l’esclavage contemporain
L’esclavage contemporain se définit comme un travail contraint, soumis à une violence extrême exercé par un tiers constituant des pratiques illégales. Il est souvent précédé d’une traite, c’est-à-dire un déplacement forcé de population.
Le facteur migratoire est au cœur de la traite humaine tout particulièrement dans les flux migratoires observables en Afrique du Nord. D’après le magazine Libération, “700 000 personnes sont introduites chaque année clandestinement dans des pays étrangers et réduites en esclavage”.
La Coupe du monde au Qatar accusé d’exploitation humaine
Les flux migratoires entrainent souvent une exploitation ouvrière des migrants lors de leur arrivée dans un nouveau pays. C’est le cas par exemple des ouvriers qui ont participé à la construction des stades pour la Coupe du monde de football au Qatar en 2022. Les conditions de travail ont été remis en cause par les institutions.
Sensibilisation citoyenne
Face à cet esclavage moderne, diverses organisations tentent d’apporter leur aide aux victimes. En France par exemple l’Office central de répression contre la traite des êtres humains fait en sorte de stopper l’exploitation de la main d’œuvre dans les pays étrangers en renforçant l’investissement dans les politiques d’asiles.
Pour sensibiliser les citoyens sur l’esclavage contemporain, la Mission d’intervention et de sensibilisation contre la traite des êtres humains (Mist) a lancé un podcast pour donner la parole aux victimes et ainsi alerter les citoyens et les pouvoirs publics sur la situation actuelle mondiale.
Et vous, quelles sont vos solutions pour lutter contre l’esclavage contemporain ?
Vous l’aurez compris, de nouvelles formes d’esclage persistent à notre époque et touchent plusieurs strates de la société. Les institutions et les associations éprouvent des difficultés à quantifier et encadrer ces dérives humaines.
C’est également à nous côtoyer de s’informer dans notre vie quotidienne et de prendre conscience que certaines pratiques autour de nous résultent de l’esclavage moderne. En effet, comme l’explique Myriam Cottias, directrice du Centre International de Recherches sur les esclavages : « Pour les cas de proximité, il faut apprendre à repérer des personnes soumises au pouvoir d’un autre, Il faut aussi être conscient que, lorsqu’on achète un t-shirt à deux euros, c’est qu’il y a nécessairement du travail contraint derrière. »
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