Une société où le sucre est en abondance
Consommation excessive et maladies associées
Autrefois considéré comme un produit de luxe, il est estimé que la consommation de sucres a été multipliée par cinquante depuis le 19e siècle. D’après une étude en 2017, nous consommons 22 kg chaque année dont 20 kg viennent directement des industries agroalimentaires. Aussi étonnant que cela puisse paraître, certains produits tels que les pizzas, le saucisson ou même le tabac à rouler en contiennent ! L’arrivée des aliments et boissons industrielles, après la Seconde Guerre mondiale, induit à l’échelle humaine des changements alimentaires drastiques.
Bien que l’émergence de ces produits sur le marché ait de nombreux avantages, elle n’est pas sans conséquences pour notre santé. Elle est la cause directe des « maladies du siècle » : l’obésité, le diabète, et même de certains cancers ! Bien que la dépendance associée au sucre n’ait pas encore été démontrée, des recherches montrent son effet sur le cerveau humain.
Qu’en est-il pour la dépendance aux saveurs sucrées ?
La libération de phéromones dans notre cerveau suite à la consommation de ces produits est-elle vraiment anodine ?
Prise de conscience collective et solutions
Suite à cette prise de conscience collective et dans une démarche diététique, des produits allégés ont vu le jour. Les mentions « sans sucres » ou bien « allégés en sucres » ont pour objectif de rassurer et faire déculpabiliser. Ils promettent ainsi une consommation gourmande, faible en calories.
Qu’en est-il réellement ?
Ces promesses sont-elles réellement respectées ?
Cet article a pour objectif de mettre en lumière les effets de la consommation de sucres et de ses substituts de nos jours ainsi que de présenter les acteurs qui influent sur celle-ci.
Avant toute chose, il est important de noter que la commercialisation des produits lights est due à une tendance de la population à vouloir perdre du poids. Un sondage de Lintel International, réalisé en décembre 2003, affirme que 40.5 % des femmes et 23 % des hommes cherchent à maigrir. La même source montre que 39.1 % de la population française évite le sucre.
Produits sans sucres avec ou sans édulcorant ?
Pour que les produits sans sucres aient les mêmes qualités gustatives que les autres, des édulcorants sont parfois ajoutés. C’est notamment le cas de l’aspartame et du stévia qui ont respectivement un pouvoir sucrant 200 fois et 45 fois supérieur à celui du sucre. Fortement controversés, ces produits pourraient être la solution pour une diminution du sucre dans nos plats. Ils sont très redoutés, mais pourtant approuvés par les organismes réglementaires. La question est donc la suivante :
D’où proviennent ces suspicions et sont-elles légitimes ?
Le poids des industriels
Stratégies marketing d’entreprises pro sucres
Face à ces maux de la société, il est légitime de se demander quelle est la part de responsabilité associée aux industriels. Comme toute entreprise, ils ont besoin de vendre leurs produits pour se développer et survivre face à la concurrence. Pour cela, ils doivent mettre en place des stratégies de vente plus ou moins agressives et respectueuses du consommateur.
Un exemple avec l’industrie de la confiserie et chocolatière
Pour comprendre mieux ce phénomène, nous allons prendre pour exemple l’industrie de la confiserie et de la chocolaterie.
Ses stratégies de vente sont bien visibles dès l’observation de l’emballage avec ses couleurs et dessins. Pour inciter à la consommation, ils ont créé des packagings adaptés à chaque occasion. Ainsi, pour Halloween, il est possible de retrouver un emballage spécialement revisité pour l’occasion. Pour la période du temps des fêtes, il y a les calendriers de l’avent. Sur les étagères des supermarchés, des rayons sont ainsi rempli de calendriers de l’avent de diverses marques de confiseries. Ainsi, les enfants sont habitués à recevoir leur dose de sucre quotidienne, sachant qu’une habitude est prise au bout de 21 jours.
Comment les industriels se défendent ?
Ces industries, basant leur commerce sur une consommation accrue de sucres, sont donc menacées par une prise de conscience collective associée à l’émergence de ces « maladies du siècle ». Des questions émergent et une méfiance se faire ressentir. Une part croissante de la population tente donc de se tourner vers des solutions dites « Healthy », ce qui a pour effet de menacer l’industrie sucrière.
Pratiquer la désinformation
Pour inciter la population à consommer leurs produits, les industriels mettent en place un discours qui obscurcit le lien entre les pathologies et le sucre.
Sur les fiches Nutri-facts, on peut lire :
« Le sucre est souvent tenu pour responsable du surpoids. Cependant, le sucre en soi ne fait pas grossir ! »
« A noter que la majorité des confiseries ne fournit pas seulement des glucides, mais aussi des graisses .»
Ils pointent ainsi du doigts les produits riches en matière grasses comme responsables de ces «maladies du siècle ». Parallèlement, le gras sous toutes ses formes a été diabolisé par la santé publique accusés d’être le seul responsable des pathologies cardio-vasculaires. Hors, selon une étude sur les facteurs alimentaires, ce serait le sucre ET les gras trans industriels qui seraient les plus nocifs pour la santé.
En parallèle, les édulcorants pouvant remplacer le sucre sont la cible de rumeurs. Une grande partie de la population pense ainsi que l’aspartame serait cancérigène. Hors, la fondation belge contre le Cancer affirme bien sur son site que :
« Aucun effet cancérigène n’a jamais été établi pour l’aspartame ou le stévia, ni chez les animaux ni chez l’homme, même à fortes doses »
Pour aller plus loin : aspartame et risque pour la santé humaine
En France, le centre d’étude et de documentation du sucre tente de rendre flou le lien entre ces maladies et la consommation de sucres. Comme les industriels, ils tentent de mettre l’accent sur l’aspect multifactoriel lié à la prise de poids.
Pour défendre leur cause, ils ont même invalidé une information donnée par le magazine de vulgarisation scientifique Science&Vie Junior :
« Savez-vous qu’un jus de fruit contient autant de sucre qu’un Coca ? ».
Pour invalider cette information, ils affirment que :
« La différence entre les sucres présents dans les jus de fruits et ceux présents dans le Coca est la suivante : pour les jus de fruits, les sucres sont présents naturellement, sans ajout (dans le cas des nectars par contre, ils sont ajoutés lors de la fabrication), alors que pour le Coca, tous les sucres présents sont ce que l’on appelle communément des « sucres ajoutés ».
Pour conclure
Pour assurer son intérêt économique, l’industrie du sucre utilise des techniques de marketing plus ou moins transparentes et agressives auprès de la population générale. Elle l’incite à toujours plus consommer et fait paraître les alternatives au sucre comme étant néfastes. Pour se faire sa propre idée, la population doit donc démêler le vrai du faux, ce qui n’est pas toujours évident. Bien se nourrir est donc un combat de tous les jours où la tentation de succomber est grande et où il faut rester vigilant. Pour réduire les risques, la meilleure solution reste encore de limiter les produits industriels et transformés.
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