Quel sera l’avenir des stations de ski ? Le ski alpin, est un sport relativement récent en Europe occidentale, mais son avenir est déjà remis en cause.
C’est un loisir fortement apprécié des Français. En effet le ski est une activité testée par presque deux tiers des Français et un Français sur cinq est un skieur régulier. Les stations françaises représentent, en nombre, 30% des domaines skiables au monde. Les sports de montagne ne se résument pas uniquement au ski alpin, même si celui-ci reste l’activité motrice des Français. Lorsqu’ils se rendent à la montagne, ils pratiquent également la balade à pied, la luge ou encore les raquettes à neige.
Atout marketing pour les dirigeants de stations, les sports d’hiver sont indispensables au fonctionnement et à la santé financière de ces dernières. Cependant, depuis quelques années, le changement climatique remet fortement en cause l’avenir des stations de ski françaises mais aussi mondiales. Depuis 30 ans, les quantités de neige sont en baisse de 30% dans les Alpes. Mais qui dit avenir délicat pour les stations de ski, dit avenir compliqué pour les compétitions de sports d’hiver également.
Rebondir pour assurer l’avenir des stations avec un enneigement déclinant
En basse et moyenne montagne, la raréfaction de l’or blanc s’explique par le changement climatique. Deux effets se cumulent. D’une part, des précipitations qui tombent sous forme de pluie et de moins en moins sous forme de neige. D’autre part, avec le réchauffement climatique global, on observe une fonte plus rapide du manteau neigeux. Jusqu’à deux milles mètres d’altitude environ, la durée d’enneigement annuelle a diminué d’un mois depuis les années 1970, et elle continue de perdre du terrain. Face à ce constat, la majorité des stations de ski française pourrait perdre leur viabilité. En effet, la viabilité économique de l’exploitation d’un domaine skiable repose sur une durée d’ouverture de 100 jours minimum. Or, depuis ces dernières années, il devient compliqué pour les gérants de pouvoir ouvrir sur une telle période à cause des conditions climatiques et du manque d’enneigement.
C’est pour répondre à ce problème que les gérants des stations de basse/moyenne altitude se tournent vers une offre « quatre saisons » pour tenter d’assurer la pérennité de leurs domaines. Valoriser ces lieux autrement que par le ski est donc un réel défi pour la survie des stations. Le VTT, les randonnées, l’escalade, les balades à cheval sont autant d’activités qui permettent d’attirer du monde à la montagne même sans neige !
Ce type de station n’a pas réellement d’autres choix que de diversifier son offre car elles ne peuvent pas lutter contre le dérèglement climatique, n’ont pas les moyens d’investir massivement face à ces changements et se savent « condamnées » sur l’avenir de leurs saisons hivernales. En revanche, nous allons constater que les grands domaines skiables de haute altitude se tournent vers une autre solution : investir dans la station du futur.
A quoi ressemblera la station du futur ?
Les grands directeurs marketing ainsi que les gérants des grandes stations pensent que la station du futur sera verte, avec des remontées mécaniques et des bâtiments autosuffisants en énergie. Le but des grandes stations de haute altitude vise à ce que le consommateur ne skie pas moins mais mieux avec des équipements modernes et plus respectueux de l’environnement. Car, rappelons-le, le ski est une activité au bilan carbone très élevé grande consommatrice de ressources énergétiques. Au-delà du point de vue environnemental, consommer de façon raisonnée est devenue une philosophie de vie indispensable face à l’augmentation notable du prix des ressources énergétiques.
Une association nommée « Mountain Rider » travaille sur la durabilité des stations de ski avec l’élaboration de son label « Flocon vert ». Ce dernier permet aux clients de savoir que la station est engagée pour lutter contre les problèmes environnementaux, grâce à un diagnostic basé sur trente et un critères que la station doit respecter pour obtenir le label. Mais pour l’instant, il n’a été attribué qu’à quelques grandes stations telles que la vallée e Chamonix-Mont-Blanc, les Rousses et Villars pour la Suisse. Cette certification pour ces stations du futur semble nécessaire afin d’assurer la durabilité des stations de ski de haute montagne. Néanmoins, ces initiatives ne sont pas suffisantes, notamment face à ce que génère l’organisation de compétitions mondiales.
S’adapter oui…mais à quel prix ?
Pour illustrer les limites des sports d’hiver et l’avenir des stations de ski face aux problèmes climatiques, revenons sur les Jeux Olympiques d’hiver de 2022, à Pékin, qui ont été les premiers JO avec une neige 100% artificielle. Deux millions de mètres cubes d’eau ont été nécessaires pour enneiger l’ensemble des sites de compétition. Cela a été un réel désastre écologique et énergétique, sans parler des athlètes qui ont dû concourir sur une neige artificielle, sur laquelle les risques de blessures sont démultipliés. Par le passé, d’autres villes hôtes, Sotchi en 2014 et Pyeongchang en 2018, avaient, elles aussi, eu recours à la neige artificielle à hauteur de 80% et 90% respectivement.
L’organisation de compétitions sportives dans de telles conditions pose question.
Et comment ne pas évoquer, mis à la une très récemment, le scandale des prochains Jeux asiatiques d’hiver qui sont organisés tous les quatre ans par le Conseil olympique d’Asie et rassemblent des sportifs de toute l’Asie. Le mardi 4 octobre 2022, en pleine polémique sur le désastre écologique et social de la coupe du monde du Qatar, le Conseil olympique d’Asie a décidé à l’unanimité que les épreuves de ski alpin, snowboard, hockey sur glace… auront lieu à Neom, mégapole futuriste en construction en plein désert de l’Arabie Saoudite. Le directeur de Neom, Nadhmi alNasr a affirmé que ce complexe serait doté « des infrastructures adéquates pour créer une atmosphère hivernale au cœur du désert, et de faire de ces Jeux d’hiver un événement mondial sans précédent ».
Le réchauffement climatique fortement induit par l’Homme menace donc l’avenir des stations de ski sur le long terme. Ce phénomène réduit aussi, par ricochet, le nombre de villes hôtes dont le climat convient aux Olympiades hivernales. Les sports d’hiver se voient ainsi menacés face aux changements climatiques. L’avenir des stations de ski étant fortement remis en question, les dirigeants de ces dernières essaient de se tourner vers un tourisme « quatre saisons » pour celles de petite et moyenne altitude, et d’investir dans des équipements innovants et durable mais très coûteux pour tenter d’offrir un avenir à leurs domaines de plus haute montagne.
Néanmoins, l’adaptabilité à des limites, car nous assistons sur les grandes compétitions sportives à une escalade de désastres écologiques qui ne font qu’empirer la situation. Jusqu’où l’Homme sera-t-il capable d’aller pour faire perdurer les sports d’hiver qui lui sont si chers ?
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