Moins de viande, moins d’avion, moins d’Amazon, et maintenant, moins de sport de haut niveau ? quel est aujourd’hui l’engagement écologique du sport de haut niveau
Stades climatisés au Qatar, neige artificielle aux Jeux Olympiques d’hiver 2022, consommation d’énergie, déplacement d’athlète… les évènements sportifs de haut niveau sont régulièrement au cœur de scandales écologiques
Au fur et à mesure que le sport a pris de l’ampleur, tant au niveau du volume des pratiques que des masses financières générées, un nouvel élément est venu complexifier la gestion des activités : la prise en compte de l’environnement. En effet, le débat qui oppose le sport et l’écologie ne date plus d’hier. Cependant, les derniers évènements sportifs ont su nourrir les polémiques en termes d’écologie.
Certes, des progrès ont été réalisés notamment depuis les Jeux Olympiques de 2012 à Londres en termes émissions carbone, maitrise de l’eau et d’énergie en passant par la gestion des déchets. Mais les grandes organisations sportives manquent encore de critères solides pour rendre compte de l’impact écologique réel de leurs événements.
Des engagements écologiques insuffisants malgré de bonnes intentions
Lors de la 24e conférence de l’ONU sur le climat en 2018, le comité international olympique s’est engagé à accélérer les changements en matière d’émission de gaz à effet de serre et fait partie des signataires du Cadre d’action climatique dans le sport avec la FIFA, l’UEFA, la fédération de tennis et bien d’autres.
Jusqu’aujourd’hui, les Jeux Olympiques n’ont pas été des exemples à suivre, certains étant même qualifiés de catastrophes écologiques comme les JO en 2014 à Sotchi, qui, en temps normal, ne peut accueillir des sports d’hiver et qui par conséquent, a nécessité des travaux colossaux pour seulement 2 semaines de compétition.
Par ailleurs, l’écologie est un réel axe de communication pour les villes organisatrices notamment Londres qui a été soumis a un véritable bilan carbone à l’issue de la compétition. Le cahier des charges construit en collaboration avec WWF et BioRegional fixe une série de 76 objectifs parmi lesquels : zéro émission de CO2, zéro déchet, emploi de matériaux et de produits alimentaires locaux, gestion durable de l’eau.
Les chiffres du bilan sont moins exemplaires. Selon WWF et BioRegional, la promesse zéro carbone n’est pas tenue, même si des résultats positifs sont à retenir. La centralisation des achats de béton a permis d’éviter l’émission de 30 000 tonnes de CO2 soit l’équivalent de 24% du bilan carbone de la construction. 98 % des déchets imputables à la construction ont été réutilisés contre 90% prévus initialement. Les jeux d’hiver de Pékin 2022 a utilisé 100% d’énergie renouvelable
Aujourd’hui le CIO fait de vrais efforts afin de pouvoir mesurer de façon précise l’impact environnemental de l’évènement. Mais le choix de la localisation de cet évènement dans des villes qui demande 100% de neige artificielle reste très critiqué.
Les prochains Jeux Olympiques auront lieu à Paris en 2024, la ville souhaite faire de ces jeux un évènement écologique et responsable à travers une énergie 100% renouvelable, un fort taux de recyclage ou la réutilisation des déchets et veut atteindre la neutralité carbone. 95% des infrastructures sont déjà existantes nécessitant beaucoup moins de constructions. De plus, Les concepteurs de la « stratégie durabilité » promettent ainsi que « 100 % des matériaux produits pour les équipements et mobiliers temporaires seront réutilisés après les Jeux. Enfin, l’un des principaux objectifs est d’atteindre un taux de recyclage / réutilisation de l’ordre de 80% pour tous types de matériaux. Pour les déchets de chantier, un taux de 95% de recyclage a été annoncé.
Le défi ainsi annoncé de Paris 2024 est de faire de ces 15 jours de compétition un exemple à suivre pour les prochaines années de la transition écologique des métropoles. Paris veut apparaître comme la pionnière du domaine.
Qu’en est-il de la coupe du monde 2022 ?
Les Émirats arabes unis ont promis d’organiser un tournoi « vert », mais la Coupe du monde 2022 au Qatar ne devrait pas améliorer l’image environnementale du tournoi. Le Qatar a dû construire ou rénover 12 stades, qui ont dû être climatisés en raison des températures élevées. Le refroidissement de l’air nécessite une quantité importante d’énergie. Les panneaux solaires n’ont pas assez de puissance pour générer l’énergie nécessaire pour refroidir tous les stades. Une étude menée par des chercheurs britanniques a révélé que 1 000 km² de panneaux solaires seraient nécessaires pour répondre aux besoins de climatisation, soit un dixième de la superficie totale du Qatar. Emirates doit se tourner vers d’autres sources d’énergie susceptibles d’être très émettrices de gaz à effet de serre. La question des déplacements aériens des supporters reste la plus grande source d’émissions, mais aucune solution n’est actuellement envisagée pour en atténuer l’impact.
Un tournoi engagé et écoresponsable
Aujourd’hui, la fédération française de tennis met au cœur de sa stratégie le développement durable. En 2014, Roland Garros devient le premier événement sportif de dimension internationale à être certifié ISO (système de management responsable appliqué à l’activité événementielle).
La réduction de l’impact environnementale du tournoi est axée autour de 4 piliers.
- Des mobilités douces et durables : en 2018, 72% des spectateurs se sont rendus au stade en transport en commun, à pied ou à vélo. Pour cela, des parkings à vélo ont été installés près des entrées du stade, des navettes 100% électriques.
- Contribuer au développement des énergies renouvelables : depuis 2016, les sites de Roland Garros sont alimentés en électricité 100% d’origine renouvelable.
- Proposer une alimentation durable : en partenariat avec GoodPlanet, la FFT travaille avec les restaurateurs du tournoi afin de proposer des produits de plus en plus responsables, labellisés, de saison et issus de circuits courts.
- S’engager dans une démarche d’économie circulaire : depuis 2014, la FFT a mis en place une opération de lutte contre le gaspillage alimentaire. Les denrées non consommées sont redistribuées auprès de structures venant en aide aux personnes en situation de précarité.
De leur côté, les organisateurs misent déjà sur des systèmes de détecteurs de mouvements, d’arrosage automatique et de récupération d’eau pour mieux contrôler les consommations. Ils encouragent également au covoiturage, sachant que le site officiel de la billetterie permet de comparer l’impact écologique de chaque mode de transport choisi.
Depuis 2022, un stand de sensibilisation à l’écologie a été développé par la FFT. Le but étant d’inviter les spectateurs à s’engager pour l’environnement de façon ludique et concrète.
Le mot de la fin
Les fédérations mettent de plus en plus d’actions en place pour l’environnement, mais, c’est à l’heure actuelle insuffisant pour un monde ou la sobriété énergétique est devenue une priorité.
Par ailleurs, par l’attention médiatique que suscite le sport, les sportifs et sportives sont de puissants porte-paroles dans leurs pays respectifs, mais aussi à l’international. Les sportifs et sportives ont donc démontré, à plusieurs reprises, leur engagement en faveur de sujets de société. Les athlètes sont donc de potentiels ambassadeurs de l’écologie.
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