Connaissons-nous vraiment le prix de l’ordinateur, des écouteurs sans fil ou du smartphone que nous achetons ?
D’après Novethic, l’esclavage moderne se définit comme les pratiques d’exploitation par le travail mettant en péril la dignité et les droits humains : travail forcé, privation de liberté, déshumanisation, etc. D’après The Global Slavery Index (International Labour Organization), il y aurait aujourd’hui plus de 40 millions de victimes d’esclavage moderne dans le monde, parmi lesquelles 1/4 sont des enfants.
La globalisation a permis aux entreprises de s’installer dans des pays ou les coûts de production sont le plus bas et dont nous, consommateurs, profitons. Mais à quel prix moral ?
Dans un monde toujours plus connecté, des centaines de milliers de travailleurs peuvent être impliqués dans la chaîne de production de biens technologiques. Mais alors que l’industrie de la mode est souvent pointée du doigt pour les conditions de travail déplorables de ses travailleurs, et à juste titre, l’industrie technologique semble elle aussi exceller en la matière.
Le plus grand problème provient de leur chaîne de production. En effet, les tech companies ont très souvent recours à des sous-traitants pour fabriquer les appareils que nous utilisons tous les jours. Ces mêmes appareils nécessitent des matériaux rares tels que le cobalt, l’argent ou encore le lithium, présents bien souvent dans des minerais de pays en développement. Cependant, l’exploitation de ces minerais n’est pas sans conséquence pour les populations locales, notamment en République démocratique du Congo ou plus de 170 000 personnes, y compris de très jeunes enfants, travaillent au péril de leur vie pour extraire ces matériaux. En décembre 2019, les familles d’enfants Congolais décédés ou blessés en travaillant dans les mines ont même attaqué cinq des plus grandes entreprises technologiques y compris Alphabet, Apple, Dell, Microsoft et Tesla en les accusant de bénéficier du travail forcé des enfants.
Du côté des usines, la situation n’est pas meilleure. Nous avons tous déjà entendu parler des conditions de travail qui persistent dans les usines chinoises de fabrication d’appareils électroniques.
Mais alors quelle est la responsabilité des entreprises dans cette situation ?
Dans des pays qui manquent de règles strictes pour protéger les travailleurs, les entreprises internationales ont un rôle majeur à jouer pour lutter contre l’esclavage moderne. D’autant plus qu’avec des consommateurs de plus en plus regardants sur l’éthique de leur consommation, les entreprises ont aussi tout intérêt à éviter de tels scandales.
Bien que cela représente un challenge, car certaines formes d’esclavage moderne sont moins visibles que d’autres et qu’il y a souvent un manque de transparence de la part des sous-traitants, des mesures peuvent être mises en place telles que :
- Savoir identifier les pratiques de travail forcé. En effet, le travail forcé n’a pas une forme unique et est plutôt un spectre, savoir l’identifier est un premier pas capital vers son éradication.
- Récolter le maximum d’information sur les conditions de travail car sans data fiable, il est impossible de savoir ce qu’il se passe réellement sur le terrain
- Avoir conscience que leurs propres décisions d’achat peuvent avoir un impact sur les conditions de travail chez leurs sous-traitants. Par exemple une commande importante imprévue augmente les risques de travail forcé pour parvenir à tenir les délais
- Avoir des règles strictes et respectées quant à la sélection des sous-traitants
- Donner davantage la parole aux travailleurs, notamment de façon anonyme afin qu’ils se sentent plus libres de leur propos.
Sources :
https://www.globalcitizen.org/de/content/how-hp-fights-against-modern-slavery/
https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/prevening-modern-slavery-supply-chain-anthony-hanley-mba-
https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Tech-sector-efforts-to-root-out-forced-labour-are-failing
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