En France, le gaspillage alimentaire représente près de 150 kg par habitant et par an selon l’ADEME. Ça fait vraiment beaucoup. Et parmi ces 150 kg, on trouve une part non négligeable de produits agroalimentaires encore emballés. Pour éviter ce désastre écologique, certains adoptent le freeganisme. On se penche sur cette pratique peu commune, mais pourtant économique et écologique.
Le principe du freeganisme
Le freeganism (ou gratuivorisme) naît dans les années 90 aux Etats-Unis. C’est la contraction du mot free (gratuit) et de veganism (véganisme : mode de vie refusant de consommer tout produit issu d’animaux). Son créateur, William Warren Oakes le définit comme une “éthique anti-consumériste de la nourriture”.
Le but des militants freegans, c’est de fouiller les poubelles d’établissements alimentaires (supermarchés, fast-food, boulangeries…) afin de trouver de la nourriture non consommée. Il s’agissait aux prémices du mouvement, de récupérer de la nourriture végan seulement, mais ce dernier s’est largement répandu et concerne également les aliments d’origine animale (on utilisera plutôt dans ce cas le terme gratuivorisme).
C’est étonnant à première vue, d’aller faire ses courses gratuitement dans des poubelles, mais pas si délirant que ça quand on sait que la grande distribution contribuerait à 14% au gaspillage alimentaire. La plupart des ingrédients trouvés dans les poubelles sont du pain et des produits frais. Il y a des aliments qui se périment le jour même (parfait pour filer dans le congélateur), certains qui le sont depuis 1 à 2 jours (mais quand on connaît les obligations légales de l’industrie alimentaire, on sait que ces aliments peuvent en réalité encore être consommés sans problème), et certains aliments ont été jetés car l’emballage est abîmé.
Le freeganisme est tout de même peu démocratisé pour des causes de normes sociales. Certains assimilent cet acte comme “manger des déchets”, alors qu’au final, ce sont exactement les mêmes aliments qu’on trouve dans nos rayons et qu’on achète toutes les semaines. Et en plus, budget course : 0€, c’est quand même intéressant, surtout dans le contexte d’inflation actuel, notamment pour les étudiants qui ont souvent un petit budget. Pour contrer ses aprioris et le jugement d’autrui, les militants se retrouvent en groupe afin de réaliser leurs sessions de freeganisme ensemble, sessions qui se transforment en vrais moments de partage et de lien social.
Les freegans mettent bien entendu un point d’honneur sur le fait de laisser la poubelle comme ils l’ont trouvé après l’avoir fouillée. Ils ont alors de vraies méthodologies (notamment en utilisant des bâches) pour récupérer les denrées qu’ils souhaitent et remettre dans les poubelles les “vrais” déchets. Il ne s’agit pas de dégrader l’état de la voie publique.
Derrière une astuce pour dépenser moins, un vrai acte militant
Être freegan, c’est bien plus que manger gratos. C’est un vrai mode de vie alternatif. En effet, c’est rejeter le système économique dans son ensemble ainsi que le capitalisme. Les freegans considèrent que ce qui est nécessaire à la vie (manger, boire, dormir, se loger) ne devrait pas être payant.
Les freegans aspirent à l’autosuffisance alimentaire, et pas uniquement. Le mouvement s’étend aux vêtements, meubles, ou encore appareil électroménager et j’en passe. Trouver un objet destiné à être jeté mais qui est en bon état et le ramener chez soi, c’est l’extension d’être gratuivoriste.
L’ennemi de la grande distribution
Vous l’aurez sûrement compris, les freegans ne sont pas les meilleurs amis des enseignes de la grande distribution que l’on connaît tous. En effet, ceux qui récupèrent les aliments dans les poubelles sont ceux qui ne les achètent pas dans les rayons. Les supermarchés considèrent donc ces militants comme des clients perdus.
Cependant, la loi sur le gaspillage alimentaire de 2016 incite fortement les enseignes à redistribuer leurs invendus et à tolérer les récupérations dans les poubelles. On a tous le souvenir des poubelles inondées à la javel pour éviter que les individus récupèrent les aliments consommables, mais c’est maintenant interdit par la loi.
Une législation floue
Vous vous demandez peut-être, est-ce que c’est légal tout ça ?
De manière générale, il n’y a aucun problème de légalité avec cette pratique. Cependant, certaines municipalités ont des arrêtés qui interdisent de fouiller dans les poubelles. Pourtant, sur la voie publique, un déchet est considéré comme n’appartenant à personne, donc au libre accès de tous. Donc si un individu a des problèmes pour avoir fouiller dans une poubelle publique, la législation finira par lui donner raison. En gardant bien sûr à l’esprit que s’il y a un problème lié à l’ingestion d’un aliment trouvé dans un poubelle, l’enseigne ne pourra pas être tenue responsable.
Finalement…
Être freegan, c’est quelque part déconstruire les normes sociales qui nous ont entourées toute notre vie, ce n’est pas facile à intérioriser pour tous, mais ça a inévitablement des avantages considérables sur le budget mensuel des militants à la cause. Aux vues de l’urgence de trouver des solutions pour lutter contre le gaspillage alimentaire, le mouvement freegan ou gratuivoriste sera peut-être envisagé par de plus en plus d’individus. Si c’est un acte qui te paraît trop compliqué pour par la suite affronter le regard des autres, n’oublie pas que de nombreuses enseignes proposent des paniers anti-gaspi, des rayons anti-gaspi, et que tu peux sauver des paniers destinés à être jetés à prix cassés sur l’application TooGood ToGo .
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