Alors que des pays comme la Belgique décident de diminuer les journées de travail à 4 jours par semaine, la Chine se démarque par un système assez particulier connu sous le nom de 996.
Mais ça veut dire quoi 996 ?
Il s’agit d’une pratique assez commune dans l’industrie de la technologie qui consiste à ce que les employés travaillent de 9 heures à 21 heures, un horaire très courant en Chine. Oubliez aussi les semaines de 5 jours. Le système d’heures des entreprises appliquant le 996 obligent les employés à travailler 6 jours par semaine. Au total, cela fait donc 72 heures de travail par semaine.
Les entreprises versent parfois des primes à certains employés, les incitant à faire plus d’heures supplémentaires, ou remboursent les frais de taxi de ceux qui travaillent tard dans la nuit.
Ce qu’en pensent les patrons
De nombreuses jeunes entreprises informatiques ont mis en place cette culture de travail pour survivre sur le marché chinois réputé pour être impitoyablement concurrentiel. Cette éthique de travail est à la fois défendue et louée par les employeurs du secteur technologique chinois comme étant la raison même de sa croissance soudaine et accélérée au cours des dix dernières années.
Jack Ma, puissant patron d’Alibaba a d’ailleurs défendu ce système : “Si nous trouvons des choses que nous aimons, 996 n’est pas un problème. si vous n’aimez pas votre travail, chaque minute est une torture. Personnellement, je pense que 996 est une énorme bénédiction… comment obtenir le succès que vous souhaitez sans faire d’efforts supplémentaires et sans passer plus de temps ?”
Richard Liu, le fondateur de la société chinoise de commerce électronique JD.com, a ajouté son grain de sel en qualifiant les employés qui cherchent à concilier vie professionnelle et vie privée de « fainéants » qui ne sont pas les bienvenus dans son entreprise.
La réalité des choses
La loi chinoise stipule qu’il ne faut pas demander aux employés de travailler plus de huit heures par jour ou plus de 40 heures par semaine. Les entreprises doivent limiter les heures supplémentaires à 36 heures par mois. Selon Yang Chunhui, avocat en droit du travail basé à Pékin « Le 996 n’est pas illégal si l’employé est rémunéré en conséquence, mais les horaires ne peuvent pas dépasser la limite d’heures supplémentaires ».
Bien qu’elles soient présentées comme un choix, pour de nombreux employés, les heures supplémentaires sont vitales compte tenu du faible salaire qu’ils perçoivent. Cependant, ce système d’heure est parfois détourné par les entreprises technologiques qui surchargent leurs employés sans les payer en plus. Une employé de Tencent témoigne : « Personne chez Tencent ne m’a dit que je devais travailler 996, mais tout le monde savait que si vous ne travailliez pas dur, vous serez remplacé ».
Le problème est accentué par la faible réglementation des pratiques de travail en Chine. Le gouvernement chinois surveille de près les activités de défense des droits des travailleurs, ce qui limite la visibilité publique et la discussion des pratiques de travail des entreprises. N’autorisant pas la création de syndicats indépendants, le gouvernement contrôle la All-China Federation of Trade Unions, qui est souvent inefficace pour protéger les travailleurs.
Les retombées
Dans des cas extrêmes, des personnes sont mortes à cause du surmenage.
- En 2021, l’affaire Pinduoduo, où une employée est morte en rentrant chez elle, a attiré l’attention du gouvernement.
- L’année dernière, en Janvier, dans une vidéo largement diffusée sur les médias sociaux chinois, Liu Jin, un chauffeur-livreur de 45 ans, a versé de l’essence et s’est immolé par le feu devant une station de distribution d’Eleme dans la ville de Taizhou, en criant qu’il voulait son argent.
- Lors d’un incident similaire, un chauffeur-livreur de 43 ans s’est effondré au travail et est décédé alors qu’il livrait de la nourriture pour Eleme.
La Chine connaît également un taux de natalité en baisse. Une étude réalisé par Zēng Díyáng (曾迪洋), une chercheuse en politique publique à l’université de Nanjing, démontre que “… le conflit croissant entre la vie professionnelle et la vie familiale est une raison essentielle de la baisse du taux de natalité”. Le Social Trend Institute a également publié un rapport démontrant que lorsque les pays dans leur ensemble évoluent vers une valorisation accrue du travail, les taux de natalité baissent.
Briser le silence
La culture du 996 suscite un débat national alors que les travailleurs chinois du secteur technologique, pour la plupart jeunes et diplômés, militent sur Internet.
GitHub
Deux développeurs de logiciels chinois tentent d’exploiter la puissance des logiciels libres pour améliorer les conditions de travail des codeurs.
En avril 2019, Katt Gu et Suji Yan ont publié la « Licence Anti-996 » sur GitHub, un site de partage de code. Cette licence oblige toute entreprise qui utilise le logiciel du projet à respecter les lois locales sur le travail ainsi que les normes de l’Organisation internationale du travail, notamment le droit des travailleurs à la négociation collective et l’interdiction du travail forcé.
Dans le cadre de la campagne « Worker Lives Matter », les organisateurs demandent aux employés de divers secteurs d’activité de partager des informations sur leur salaire de base, leur poste et leur horaire de travail sur une feuille de calcul en libre accès. Au 15 octobre 2021, le document comptait plus de 6 000 entrées et le hashtag correspondant, #1300CompaniesWorkSchedule, a recueilli 30 millions de vues sur Weibo.
TikTok
Plusieurs utilisateurs de médias sociaux ont été vus en train de parler de la culture de travail de 996 tout en essayant d’éduquer les autres utilisateurs sur cette pratique plutôt éreintante.
Lily (@freshlilyli) note dans l’une de ses vidéos que le travail en 996 ne signifie pas nécessairement que les employés sont productifs, car les longues heures sont épuisantes, ce qui oblige les gens à faire des pauses entre les tâches. Selon elle, bien que la culture du travail 996 signifie travailler pendant 12 heures, un individu n’est productif que pendant six ou sept heures.
Mouvement “TangPing” : vecteur de changement
En 2021, la jeunesse chinoise a exprimé son ras le bol de la culture du travail intensif qui fait passer la compétition et la productivité en permanence comme un accomplissement.
“Tang Ping” peut être traduit littéralement par “rester allongé”. L’idée derrière ce mouvement : ne pas se surmener, se contenter de réalisations plus faciles à atteindre et s’accorder du temps pour se détendre… Cela a été salué par de nombreux internautes et a inspiré beaucoup d’entre eux qui l’ont décrit comme un mouvement spirituel.
Sur Weibo, le Twitter chinois, le hashtag “Tang Ping” a su rassembler des milliers de jeunes utilisateurs qui témoignent sur leurs vies professionnelles. Bien qu’il ait été censuré de nombreuses fois par les autorités chinoises, ce n’est plus le cas à présent.
Au vu des nombreux décès liés au surmenage et grâce à la mobilisation de la jeunesse chinoise, le gouvernement prend position pour la première fois en Août 2021 et s’oppose à ce rythme de travail intensif. Si cette nouvelle en réjouit plus d’un, les travailleurs chinois restent perplexes et font par de leurs doutes quant à la véritable mise en application de celle-ci.
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