Première source d’émission de gaz à effet de serre avec une production de 29% au niveau national en 2020, le secteur des transports est la plus grande menace que l’humanité est jamais connue. Pourtant, 49% des voyages sont réalisés en avion tandis que c’est le moyen de transport qui pollu le plus au monde.
Engagements nationaux de réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre en 2015 et dépendance aux énergies fossiles, les transports sont en contradiction entre souhaits de mieux faire et destruction massive des ressources de notre terre. Leurs impacts sur l’environnement laissent à désirer. C’est un des enjeux majeurs de l’humanité : comment arriver à continuer notre activité sociétale et en parallèle réduire notre impact négatif sur l’environnement ? Si on s’en tient aux faits, plus de 50% des émissions de gaz à effet de serre sont provoqués par les voitures : environ 20% sont liées aux véhicules lourds, 17% aux véhicules utilitaires légers, puis les deux roues motorisées. La majorité de la population utilise donc dans sa vie quotidienne les moyens de transport cités. Pour d’autres déplacements, des moyens plus coûteux sur notre environnement sont déployés. Il s’agit des avions, des transports fluviaux, ferroviaires, et maritime. Ainsi, 93% des émissions à effet de serre dépendent des transports routiers avec notamment 87% des transports de marchandises effectués en voiture.
En France les deuxtiers des déplacements domicile-travail sont effectués en voiture.
Notre activité quotidienne sur notre planète nous mène à des conséquences désastreuses sur notre planète. En conséquence, d’ici quelques années le réchauffement climatique ne va cesser de croitre. Par ailleurs, l’impact sur l’environnement ce fait déjà ressentir : entre pollutions de l’air, de l’eau, nuisance sonore, modification des paysages et contribution au changement climatique ; le secteur des transports en a beaucoup sur la conscience.
Le transport routier est, comme nous l’avons mentionné, la première source d’émissions de CO2. Selon le ministère de la transition écologique, le secteur du transport est responsable de 33% des émissions de CO2 en 2020 en France. L’avion est le moyen de transport le plus polluant. D’ici 2050, son impact sur l’environnement pourrait tripler alors qu’il a déjà doubler sur ces vingt dernières années. Si on prend l’exemple de Ryanair, l’entreprise serait responsable du détriment du climat en 2019 pour 24% de leurs aéroports.
Les conséquences de cette destruction du climat sont nombreuses. On retrouve une modification négative de notre environnement, des problèmes écologiques dramatiques et un impact négatif sur l’avenir de l’humanité. Les transports ont en effet un impact négatif important à prendre en compte sur la santé. En 2020, les coûts liés à la santé ont beaucoup augmenté à cause de la pollution de l’air par exemple. Ils s’élèvent à hauteur de 20 à 30 milliards d’euros par an en France. Cette pollution a causé des décès prématurés, des bronchites chroniques et autres.
Si on prend l’exemple des nuisances sonores, les bruits causés par les transports ont, eux aussi, un impact négatif sur l’être humain. Ces nuisances sonores favorisent la perturbation du sommeil, les infarctus du myocarde, les acouphènes et des gênes diverses.
Pour la modification des paysages, il faut savoir que les transports maritimes ont mené à des catastrophes écologiques notamment à cause des naufrages de navires pétroliers. En conséquence, il en résulte des extinctions de masse de certaines espèces aquatiques.
À l’origine du réchauffement climatique, les transports connaissent un tournant important quant à l’avenir du secteur et du monde. Comment agir pour mieux survivre ?
La transformation énergétique du secteur des transports concerne à la fois les transports de marchandises et ceux de la mobilité des personnes. C’est-à-dire avec les déplacements du quotidien et des voyages occasionnels.
Une étude a été réalisée par la SNCF démontrant qu’un voyage en train intercités résulte environ 15 fois moins d’émissions de CO2 par passager que le même trajet en covoiturage, 5 à 15 fois moins que le même voyage en autocar et 50 moins que l’avion. On doit ainsi réduire nos déplacements en avion dans un premier temps et favoriser nos trajets en train.
Le train devient avec les années un allié essentiel pour lutter contre le réchauffement climatique contrairement à l’avion. En moyenne, un déplacement en train produit au moins 10 fois moins de CO2 que le même trajet en voiture et jusqu’à 50 fois moins de CO2 que l’avion.
Pour pouvoir réduire l’impact négatif de nos déplacements, on peut aussi envisager de penser au covoiturage. Le covoiturage permettant aussi de réduire la facture d’essence pour tous. Autre solution pour toujours profitait d’un trajet en voiture, il y a la solution d’opter pour une voiture électrique alimentée en électricité verte. On peut également penser à avoir une éco-conduite qui passe par des petites actions toutes simples. Il s’agit de réduire un peu sa vitesse au volant, de limiter l’utilisation de la climatisation, vérifier régulièrement la pression des pneus, mais aussi de supprimer les charges inutiles par exemple. Toutes ses actions peuvent permettre de réduire jusqu’à 15% la consommation de carburant.
Toujours dans une démarche de limiter les transports, les entreprises peuvent contribuer à l’amélioration de la cause du climat. En effet, beaucoup d’entreprises proposent aujourd’hui du télétravail à leurs salariés ce qui permet de limiter certaines trajets domicile-bureau par semaine.
Globalement, on remarque que le secteur des transports est celui qui a l’impact le plus néfaste sur le réchauffement climatique. Il faut absolument que l’humanité se réveille et transforme le fonctionnement de la société dans laquelle nous vivons pour améliorer la cause climatique. Il faut donc trouver de nouveaux moyens de transport pour rendre les villes de France plus respirables. Le train est peut-être une solution majeure des problèmes écologiques actuels cependant sa notoriété reste à discuter… Faut-il adapter le système de trains actuel ou au contraire continuer avec nos habitudes de transports actuels ?
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