Et si l’on pouvait allier masques jetables et écologie ?
C’est le défi que s’est lancé Géochanvre F, une startup industrielle française spécialisée dans la fabrication de feutres et toiles végétales en fibre de chanvre et autres fibres naturelles (Lin, Ortie). Cette PME a eu l’idée de développer le premier masque écologique 100% français en fibres végétales de chanvre. L’enseigne place le développement durable au cœur de son business modèle. En effet, c’est son dirigeant Frédéric Roure, agronome, ingénieur et écologue qui a compris l’importance d’apporter une alternative écologique et éthique aux produits plastiques et en fibres.
« Un masque jetable met environ 450 ans à se dégrader dans la nature »
Le masque, devenu obligatoire en cette période de crise sanitaire, est aujourd’hui un fléau écologique. Chaque mois à travers le monde, c’est environ 130 milliards de masques qui sont utilisés et jetés.
C’est pourquoi face à cette récente pollution, la secrétaire d’État à la Transition écologique, Brune Poirson a annoncé le 7 juin un projet de loi afin d’augmenter l’amende sur le jet des déchets sur la voie publique qui passerait de 68 à 135 euros. L’amende pourrait monter à 375 euros voire même 750 euros si la police établissait un procès verbal et le transmettait au tribunal.
Pour remédier à cette nouvelle source de déchets, Géochanvre a eu l’ingénieuse idée de concevoir et fabriquer un masque biodégradable efficace et conforme à la réglementation. Son développement repose sur une technologie innovante : le procédé d’hydroliage breveté par l’enseigne en 2014. Ce processus industriel consiste à lier des fibres végétales par projection d’eau sous haute pression. Les produits fabriqués sont composés de fibres naturelles telles que le Chanvre ou le Lin qui sont cultivées localement en Bourgogne et sans pesticide.
Selon le directeur commercial de l’enseigne Gérald Bayette, l’idée de créer des masques est apparue au début de la pandémie :
« C’était une conviction pour nous d’être une alternative au plastique, il fallait qu’on puisse fournir en France un masque écologique ».
Mais quels sont ses avantages ?
Ce masque innovant est constitué d’un feutre 100% végétal en fibre de chanvre français sans colle, sans additif, sans traitement et doublé d’un voile protecteur foncé en PLA (amidon de maïs). Il possède une perméabilité à l’air de 165 litres/m²/sec pour une dépression de 100 Pa et filtre 98% des particules de 3µm. Rappelons au passage que les masques chirurgicaux bloquent environ 80 % des particules d’une taille moyenne de 60 nanomètres.
En plus d’être efficace et 100% français, il est conforme à la catégorie UNS1 et répond aux normes définies par la Direction générale de l’Armement (DGA) qui est chargée de tester et vérifier l’efficacité de filtration de particules des masques et déterminer s’ils protègent suffisamment. La catégorie UNS1 assure le consommateur que ce masque offre une filtration des projections supérieures à 90 %, une protection efficace pour les professionnels qui ont des contacts fréquents et nombreux. Ceux-ci peuvent être portés 4 heures et ont la particularité de se décomposer facilement pour pouvoir finir au compost ou dans un pot de fleurs. Les élastiques ainsi que la doublure en maïs sont aussi recyclables, ce qui rend le masque en chanvre très intéressant. Par ailleurs, sa forme en bec de canard lui confère la propriété de ne pas coller à la bouche.
Quant à son prix, il reste tout à fait accessible. Le lot de 400 masques revient à 274 euros, soit 69 centimes l’unité. Petit plus, le masque peut être personnalisé avec le logo de votre entreprise ou à votre guise, ceci sur demande et pour une quantité minimale de 250 masques.
D’autres projets innovants en cours :
Des chercheurs australiens de la Queensland Technological University ont créé un masque biodégradable composé de fibres naturelles et biodégradables. Il se compose de nanocellulose obtenue à partir de déchets végétaux tels que la canne à sucre. Ce dernier peut bloquer les particules inférieures à 100 nanomètres. Les chercheurs estiment même que ce masque est plus efficace que certains masques disponibles sur le marché.
Aux Etats-Unis, deux designers ont réalisé un prototype de masque en cellulose bactérienne et filtrerait au moins 95% des particules. La membrane est synthétisée par une bactérie, la Komagataeibacter xylinus, qui sécrète de la fibre de cellulose lorsqu’elle se multiplie. Ce masque est à la fois souple, résistant et il se décompose facilement dans l’environnement. Petit bémol, il faut environ deux semaines pour le fabriquer.
Au Vietnam, des scientifiques ont créé un masque composé de fibres de café. Il serait issu de café broyé et associé à du plastique recyclé. Le masque est réutilisable, lavable et totalement biodégradable.
Quant à certains, ils ont préféré explorer des pistes en matière de réutilisation. C’est par exemple le cas de Michelin qui a mis au point un masque de protection réutilisable à l’infini.
Cassandra L.
26/10/2020
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