La création d’un score-carbone, ou CO2-score est l’une des 148 mesures préconisées par la Convention Citoyenne pour le climat qui vise à réduire d’au moins 40% les gaz à effet de serre d’ici à 2030. Aujourd’hui, l’alimentation représente entre un quart et un tiers de l’empreinte carbone des ménages, ce score sera donc une avancée vers une consommation plus raisonnée.
Score-carbone : quèsaco ?
L’idée semble simple : “Créer un score carbone sur tous les produits de consommation et les services“, qui permettra, tel un nutriscore écologique, d’informer les consommateurs sur l’impact environnemental du produit et/ou service qu’il s’apprête à consommer. Pour le réaliser, la Convention Citoyenne pour le climat demande “la création et la mise en œuvre d’un CO2-score fiable à l’horizon 2024, intégré à une note globale environnementale et de l’utiliser pour informer le consommateur sur ses modes de consommation“. L’objectif de cette mesure est donc en priorité d’informer les consommateurs de l’impact de leurs produits préférés sur l’environnement via un logo sur les étiquettes et/ou packaging.
Une fois la “base d’impact” et l’ACV validées, les produits recevront une note qui sera validée par des structures agrées. Un affichage standardisé, aujourd’hui représenté par une planète bleue avec une note de A à E sera apposé sur le produit et devra être “suffisamment visible en représentant plus de 50% de l’étiquetage“.
La Convention citoyenne pour le climat souhaite que ce score permette, à terme, de “réguler la publicité” avec sa présence obligatoire à chaque annonce et “d’interdir la publicité de certains produits qui atteignent un seuil maximum“. Une proposition qui impacterait grandement le secteur automobile et principalement les constructeurs de S.U.V. Pour l’instant, le gouvernement a d’ores et déjà écarté cette dernière proposition.
Comment le score-carbone sera calculé ?
Le nouveau score-carbone devra “prendre en compte l’entièreté du cycle de vie du produit ou du service et intégrer les émissions directes et indirectes. Ainsi, chaque étape devra être évaluée : fabrication/extraction et acheminement de matières premières, fabrication, stockage, transport vers le lieu de distribution, distribution, consommation, jusqu’à son traitement en tant que déchet ou son recyclage“. C’est ce qu’on appelle une “analyse en cycle de vie” (ACV).
Le produit devra alors mettre en avant les informations sur l’origine du produit et, au besoin, les différents pays qu’il aura traversés au cours de son processus de fabrication. La question se pose alors pour les industriels et les produits transformés qui, aujourd’hui indiquent pour certains produits, “Origine Union Européenne”. Il faudra que le fabriquant soit en mesure de fournir et calculer les informations. En l’absence de celles-ci, le cabinet d’expertise pourrait lui attribuer la plus mauvaise note jusqu’à que le fabricant transmette les informations nécessaires.
Selon les experts, 70% des émissions se font sur le champ de production, entre 5 et 20% sont relatifs au transport et 5 à 30% sont dus à l’emballage.
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Le Saviez-vous ? L’impact carbone du verre est 3 à 5 fois plus élevé que celui du plastique, non seulement parce qu’il demande plus d’énergie à produire (même en prenant en compte le recyclage) mais surtout parce qu’il représente une masse plus importante dans le total du produit fini – Source : La Fourche
Dans ce calcul il faut également prendre en compte la saisonnalité des produits.
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Le saviez-vous ? Une tomate bio française hors-saison génère presque 10 fois plus de CO2 qu’une tomate importée d’Espagne – Source : La Fourche
Une expérimentation déjà en cours
Avant cette proposition, un projet était déjà en discussion. Un projet lancé en début d’année par le ministère de la Transition écologique et solidaire, suite à la loi sur l’économie circulaire votée avant la crise Covid-19. C’est alors 18 mois d’expérimentation de ce système de notation qui avait été initié sur la base du volontariat. La loi faisait alors référence seulement à un “affichage environnemental”, mais pas spécifiquement sur le CO2.
L’Europe cherche également à uniformiser les outils. Un programme nommé “Product environmental footprint” de la Commission européenne est destiné à accorder tous les pays de l’Union européenne sur la méthode de calcul avec différents critères supplémentaires à celui des émissions de CO2.
Qui a déjà sauté le pas ?
La Fourche, a été le premier distributeur en France à calculer l’empreinte de ses produits. En partenariat avec Etiquettable, le distributeur de produits bio en ligne combine cette empreinte carbone avec un score carbone allant de A+ à E et indique l’impact carbone relatif en fonction des aliments habituellement consommés par les français. Pour plus d’informations sur leur calcul, rendez-vous sur ce lien.
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Le saviez-vous ? 1 kilo de bœuf équivaut en termes d’empreinte carbone à plus de 100 kilos de légumes et de fruits de saison – Source : La Fourche
Quelques enseignes ont également déjà commencé à expérimenter une classification sur une base de données publiques avec les lettres de A à E accompagnées d’une planète bleue comme Decathlon et Okaidi pour leur univers textile. Par exemple chez Decathlon, cette veste polaire 100% polyester obtient la lettre B alors que ces chaussettes de tennis 81% de coton obtiennent la lettre E.
Au Royaume-Unis, l’enseigne Tesco a déjà commencé depuis 2007 à afficher sur plus de 70 000 produits commercialisés leur rejet carbone.
Qu’en pensent les défenseurs de l’environnement ?
Benoît Leguet, directeur d’I4CE, Institut de l’économie pour le climat estime que “Le score carbone ne remplace pas d’autres mesures, donner de l’info aux gens ne suffit pas. Prenez l’exemple du tabac, il y a aussi une incitation fiscale sur le prix, une interdiction liée à l’âge, tout un système de prévention“.
Clément Sénéchal, porte-parole Climat Greenpeace se questionne suite à l’acceptation rapide de cette mesure qui selon lui “n’est pas du tout la mesure la plus structurante de la Convention“. Quand on sait que le gouvernement a déjà écarté l’interdiction de la publicité de produits polluants, cela semble être le cas.
Trop d’étiquettes tue l’étiquette ?
Cet affichage s’ajoute à de nombreuses informations obligatoires (et facultatives) déjà présentes sur les packagings comme la composition, l’origine, les ingrédients, le nutriscore, les labels, … L’avantage du score-carbone et du nutriscore est leur affichage avec des lettres et un code couleur qui vont permettre de montrer l’information de manière plus simple et visuelle.
Finalement, aujourd’hui on se questionne. Est-ce qu’une nouvelle information sur nos produits et services préférés aura vraiment un impact sur notre façon de consommer ? Aujourd’hui qu’est-ce qu’il y a de plus incitatif : le prix ou les informations sur les produits ?
Le ministre de l’économie Bruno Le Maire s’est lui prononcé pour “l’information” et contre “l’interdiction” : “Je suis convaincu que si on informe très clairement les Français sur les dommages que causent à l’environnement certains véhicules très polluants, ils changeront leurs habitudes de consommation“.
En tout cas, si dès aujourd’hui vous souhaitez prendre part à la première phase d’expérimentation, l’ADEME à lancer le 10 Septembre et ce jusqu’au mi-Mars 2021 un appel à candidature pour l’affichage sur les produits alimentaires.
Ce sujet vous a plu ? N’hésitez pas à lire nos autres articles green en cliquant ici !
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